Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
π Definition:
DIC is a systemic process resulting in widespread activation of coagulation pathways, leading to:
- Formation of microvascular thrombi
- Consumption of clotting factors and platelets
- Secondary activation of fibrinolysis
β€ Result: Simultaneous thrombosis and bleeding
π¬ Pathophysiology:
πΉ Trigger β Endothelial injury or inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-6, TNF-Ξ±) activate:
- Tissue factor (TF) expression
- Extrinsic coagulation cascade
- Platelet aggregation + fibrin deposition in microcirculation
πΉ Consequences:
Pathway Activated |
Consequence |
Coagulation cascade |
Fibrin clots β Microvascular thrombosis |
Fibrinolysis |
β D-dimers from fibrin degradation |
Platelet consumption |
Thrombocytopenia |
Clotting factor use |
Coagulopathy β bleeding |
β οΈ Causes of DIC (Mnemonic: STOP Making New Thrombi)
Category |
Examples |
S: Sepsis |
Gram-negative (LPS), Gram-positive, fungal |
T: Trauma |
Especially head trauma, crush injury |
O: Obstetric |
Abruption, amniotic fluid embolism, IUFD |
P: Pancreatitis |
Acute pancreatitis, esp. necrotizing |
M: Malignancy |
AML (esp. M3), adenocarcinoma |
N: Nephrotic syndrome |
Rare, usually in combination |
T: Transfusion |
Hemolytic transfusion reactions |
𧬠Types of DIC
Type |
Features |
Acute DIC |
Sudden, severe β bleeding & thrombosis (e.g., in sepsis, trauma) |
Chronic (compensated) |
Gradual, low-grade activation (e.g., malignancy, retained fetus) |
π§ͺ Clinical Features
πΉ Thrombotic:
- Digital ischemia
- Renal failure
- Pulmonary embolism
- Stroke-like symptoms
πΉ Hemorrhagic:
- Petechiae, ecchymosis
- Bleeding from IV sites, mucosa, surgical drains
- Hematuria, GI bleed
π Laboratory Findings in DIC
Parameter |
Typical Findings |
Platelet count |
β (thrombocytopenia) |
PT, aPTT, INR |
β (prolonged) |
Fibrinogen |
β (used up in clots) |
D-dimer / FDP |
ββ (marker of fibrinolysis) |
Peripheral smear |
Schistocytes (MAHA) |
Antithrombin III |
β |
π ISTH Scoring System for Overt DIC (International Society of Thrombosis and Hemostasis)
Parameter |
Score |
Platelet count |
<50 Γ10βΉ/L = 2; 50β100 = 1 |
Elevated D-dimer |
Strongly β = 3; moderate β = 2 |
PT prolongation |
>6 sec = 2; 3β6 sec = 1 |
Fibrinogen |
<1 g/L = 1 |
Total score β₯ 5 = overt DIC
π Management of DIC
Cornerstone: Treat the Underlying Cause
- Antibiotics for sepsis
- Deliver fetus in obstetric DIC
- Chemotherapy for leukemia
- Surgical source control
π§ͺ Supportive Therapy
Situation |
Management |
Active bleeding + low fibrinogen |
Cryoprecipitate (fibrinogen <100 mg/dL) |
Platelets <50,000 + bleeding |
Platelet transfusion |
PT/INR β + bleeding |
FFP (Fresh Frozen Plasma) |
No bleeding but thrombosis |
Consider low-dose heparin (controversial) |
π¨ Avoid:
- Empirical anticoagulation unless thrombotic complications dominate
- Platelet transfusion in non-bleeding patients with mild thrombocytopenia (unless surgery planned)
π§ Key ICU Points
- Monitor platelets, PT/INR, fibrinogen, D-dimer daily in septic patients
- DIC may precede overt clinical bleedingβearly lab clues are critical
- Do not delay treatment of infection/sepsis for coagulopathy correction
- Citrate anticoagulation in CRRT can worsen DIC-related hypocalcemia
π§© DIC vs TTP vs HELLP
Feature |
DIC |
TTP |
HELLP |
PT/aPTT |
β |
Normal |
Usually normal |
Fibrinogen |
β |
Normal |
Normal or β |
D-dimer |
ββ |
Mild β |
Mild β |
Schistocytes |
+ |
+++ |
+ |
Platelets |
β |
ββ |
ββ |